Common and less common reasons of miscarriages

The journey of conception and pregnancy is filled with both highs and lows. In some cases, pregnancies are classified as high-risk, requiring extra care from both the partner and family. Without proper attention, complications may arise, potentially leading to a miscarriage—a heartbreaking experience that brings emotional pain and uncertainty to expectant parents.

While the exact statistics vary, it is estimated that 10-20% of known pregnancies end in miscarriage, with many more likely occurring before a woman even realises she is pregnant. Understanding the causes of miscarriage can empower women to cope with their loss and make informed decisions for future pregnancies.

What is a miscarriage?

A miscarriage, also known as spontaneous abortion, refers to the loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week of gestation. Unlike medical abortions, which are induced procedures, a miscarriage is a natural event that occurs due to various biological and environmental factors.

At KD Blossom, the leading gynaecological hospital in Ahmedabad , we emphasise early detection, education, and personalised care to help women navigate pregnancy safely and minimise the risk of miscarriage.

Common causes of miscarriages

1. Chromosomal abnormalities

Most early miscarriages are caused by chromosomal abnormalities that occur during the development of the fetus. These abnormalities happen randomly during cell division and are often incompatible with life. Common types include:

• Trisomy – An extra chromosome is present.
• Monosomy – A chromosome is missing.

2.Maternal age:

Women over the age of 35 have a higher risk of miscarriage due to the decline in egg quality and quantity. Advanced maternal age increases the likelihood of chromosomal abnormalities and pregnancy complications, classifying such pregnancies as high-risk.

3. Hormonal imbalances:

Hormones play a crucial role in sustaining pregnancy. Low levels of progesterone, a hormone responsible for maintaining the uterine lining, can make it difficult for the pregnancy to continue, increasing the risk of miscarriage.

4. Chronic medical conditions:

Certain underlying health conditions, if not well managed, can increase miscarriage risk. These include:

• Uncontrolled diabetes – High blood sugar levels can affect fetal development.
• Thyroid disorders – Hormonal imbalances can interfere with a healthy pregnancy.

5. Lifestyle factors:

Unhealthy lifestyle choices can negatively impact fetal development and increase the risk of miscarriage, including:

• Smoking, alcohol, and drug use – These reduce blood flow to the placenta, leading to fetal growth restrictions.
• Obesity – Excess weight can cause hormonal imbalances and complications.

6.Infections:

Certain infections can cross the placenta and harm the developing fetus, leading to miscarriage. These include:

• Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
• Rubella (German measles)
• Listeria (a bacterial infection from contaminated food)

7. Structural abnormalities

Uterine conditions can make it difficult for the embryo to implant and develop. These include:

• Uterine septum – A division in the uterus that affects implantation.
• Fibroids or scar tissue – Can obstruct fetal growth.

8. Autoimmune disorders

Certain autoimmune conditions can trigger miscarriages by interfering with fetal development. For example:

• Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) – Causes blood clots in the placenta, cutting off oxygen and nutrients to the fetus.
• Lupus erythematosus – An autoimmune disorder that affects multiple organs and increases pregnancy complications.

Less common causes of miscarriages

1. Genetic disorders in parents

If one or both parents carry a genetic disorder, it can be inherited by the fetus, increasing the likelihood of miscarriage. Genetic testing can help identify potential risks early on.

2. Environmental factors

Exposure to harmful environmental toxins can contribute to pregnancy loss.

These include:

• Radiation exposure
• Pesticides and heavy metals
• Chronic stress and mental health strain

3. Severe malnutrition

Nutritional deficiencies—especially in folic acid, vitamin D, iron, and calcium—can impair fetal development and increase miscarriage risk. Proper prenatal care and a well-balanced diet are essential for a healthy pregnancy.

4. Severe trauma and stress

• Physical trauma – Lifting heavy objects or experiencing direct injury to the abdomen can lead to pregnancy loss.
• Extreme emotional stress – While everyday stress doesn’t typically cause miscarriage, severe psychological trauma may contribute in rare cases.

5. Immune system disorders

An overactive immune system can mistakenly attack the embryo. Excess natural killer (NK) cells may prevent implantation, leading to recurrent miscarriages.

6. Thrombophilia

A blood clotting disorder that restricts blood flow to the placenta can negatively impact fetal development and increase the risk of miscarriage.

7. Unexplained miscarriages

Sometimes, despite thorough medical evaluation, the cause of a miscarriage remains unknown—this is called idiopathic miscarriage. This uncertainty can be frustrating, but it does not mean a healthy pregnancy is impossible in the future.

Conclusion

Understanding the causes of miscarriage is essential for expectant parents to recognise potential risks and take preventive measures. While chromosomal abnormalities and maternal age are among the most common causes, genetic disorders, environmental factors, and immune system dysfunction can also contribute.

At KD Blossom, we prioritise patient education and holistic care to ensure safe pregnancies.

If you or a loved one have experienced a miscarriage, know that you are not alone—support, medical guidance, and hope for the future are always available.